Giannantoni et al. 1998; Italy
Downs & Black = 13
Observational
N=48

Population: SCI patients
Treatment:  anticholinergic drugs
Outcome Measures: neurological and urological examination and urodynamic evaluation with concurrent recording of blood pressure, heart rate, symptoms of AD

1. Presence of detrusor uninhibited contractions and bladder distension both contribute to AD crisis.
2. Treatment with anticholinergic drugs is not sufficient to prevent AD starting from the bladder, unless it induces detrusor areflexia.