Schurch et al. 1998; Switzerland
Downs & Black score=17
Case Series
N=10

Population: 10 SCI patients with AD
Treatment: sacral deafferentation
Outcome measures: continuous non-invasive recordings of BP and HR during urodynamic recordings, pre- and post-operative data

1. There was a marked elevation in systolic and diastolic BP with bradycardia during the urodynamic examination in all eight patients, despite complete intra-operative de-afferentation of the bladder in five.
2. AD persisted in patients with SCI even post complete sacral de-afferentation, consistently occurring during the stimulation-induced voiding phase.

Hohenfellner et al. 2001
Germany
Downs & Black score=11
Pre-post
N=9 (N with AD = 5)

Population: detrusor hyperreflexia
Treatment: sacral bladder denervation
Outcome Measures: bladder capacity, blood pressure, symptomatic AD

1. Episodes of detrusor hyperreflexia and AD were eliminated in all cases.
2. In the 5 patients with AD, both SBP and DBP were reduced (196±16.9 to 124±9.3 mmHg and 114±5.1 to 76±5.1 mmHg, respectively)

Kutzenberger 2007; Germany
Downs & Black score=6
Case series
Initial N = 464
Final  N =440

Population: 440 (190 tetra & 274 para) SCI patients ranging from 0.5 to 46 years since injury
Treatment: Sacral deafferentation and implantation of a sacral anterior root stimulator
Outcome Measures: Presence of AD

1. Autonomic dysreflexia disappeared in all cases with the exception of two. In these individuals, blood pressure was maintained at less dangerous levels.