|
Self-Harm
|
|
Author
Year
N
|
Geographic region
|
Inclusion/exclusion criteria
|
Study population
|
Injury features
|
Cause (%) / sample
|
|
Pickett et al. 2003
N=2385
|
Ontario, Canada
|
1994-1999
SCI in Ontario Trauma Registry
|
Males= 59%
<20 years =2 (11%)
20-39 years= 19 (56%)
40-59 years=13 (25%)
≥60 years=4 (8%)
|
No details
|
Self-Harm:
1.4% (n=33)
|
|
Pickett et al. 2006
N=151
|
London, Ontario,
Canada
|
1997-2006
Admissions to hospital in London, Ontario with SCI
|
Men=74.2%
Mean age = 42.2 ± 20.9 (9-96) years
Mortality=12 (8%)
|
Cervical=75%
Thoracic= 10%
Lumbar=9%
Junctional=6%
Complete=35% Incomplete=65%
|
Self-Harm:
1.3% (n=2)
|
|
Dryden et al. 2003
N=450
|
Alberta, Canada
|
1997-2000
Data from the Alberta Ministry of Health and Wellness, records from the Alberta Trauma Registry, and death certificates from the Office of the Medical Examiner
|
Males= 71.6% Median age of injury=35.0 years
|
61.5% (n=277) cervical
17.3% (n=78) thoracic
17.1% (n=77) lumbar/sacral/cauda equina
4.0% (n=18) unspecified
|
Self-Harm:
2.0% (n=9)
|
|
Martin et al. 2005
N=563
SCI=13
|
USA
|
All patients from the National Trauma Data Bank (2002) with a diagnosis of hanging injury, and survival to admission.
|
Males=65% Mean age =30.4±13.1 years.
|
13 patients had SCI:
12 cervical
1 thoracic
|
Self-Harm:
3% (n=13)
|
|
Shingu et al. 1994
N=3465
|
Japan
|
1990
Survey of nationwide institutions assumed to accept SCI patients;
Exclusion criteria:
Traumatic cervical syndrome cases and extradural nerve root; Patients only receiving outpatient services in this year or who obtained injury abroad
|
Males (overall) = 81.2%
Mean age (self-harm) =31.3 years
|
Cervical=14 (23%)
Below cervical=46 (77%)
|
Self-Harm:
1.7% (n=59)
|
|
Shingu et al. 1995
N=9752
|
Japan
|
1990-1992
Survey of nationwide institutions assumed to accept SCI patients.
Exclusion criteria:
Patients only receiving outpatient services in this period
|
Males= 80.4%
Mean age=48.6±19.1 (0.92-96) years.
|
Frankel levels:
A=2518 (25.8%)
B=1208 (12.4%)
C=1984 (20.3%)
D=1761 (18.1%)
E=2242 (23.0%)
Unknown=39 (0.4%)
Cervical=7317 (75.0%)
Below cervical=2408 (24.7%)
Unknown=27 (0.3%)
Complete=61.1%
|
Self-Harm:
1.7% (n=166)
|
|
Silberstein & Rabinovich
N=196
|
Novosibirsk,
Russia
|
1989-1993
All in patients with SCI admitted to the Department of SCI. Nerve root or plexus injury was excluded.
|
183 males. Mean age =34.7 years.
|
Cervical spine
C1-2 n=15
C3-7 n=81
Thoracic T1-12 n=54
Lumbar L1-5 n=46
|
Self-Harm:
3.1% (n=6)
|
|
Catz et al. 2002
N=250
|
Israel
|
1959-1992
Traumatic SCI, admitted to the Loewenstein Rehabilitation Center, the major referral center for rehabilitation medicine in Israel.
|
Males= 75.6%
Mean age = 34.5 years (range 6-83 years).
|
High cervical 7.6%
low cervical 28.8%
thoracic 32.4%
lumbar 31.2%
|
Self-Harm:
13.6% (n=34)
|
|
Chen et al. 1985
N=560
|
Taipei, Taiwan
|
1978-1981
All record from general hospitals in Taipei. Included all spinal cord lesion with or without vertebral injury.
|
Males= 86% Mean age = 35.9 (range 20-49) years.
|
Incomplete Paraplegia n=118
Complete paraplegia n=180
Incomplete Tetraplegia n=117
Complete Tetraplegia n=145
Death n=31
|
Self-Harm:
1.4% (n=8)
|
|
Otom et al. 1997
N=151
|
Jordan
|
1988-1993
Royal Jordanian Rehabilitation Centre (RJRC) King Hussein Medical Centre (KHMC)
|
Males= 85.4% Average age of injury=33 years
|
Cervical=31.8% (n=48)
Thoraco-lumbar= 68.2% (n=103)
Frankel A= 53.6% (n=81)
Frankel B = 10% (n=15)
Frankel C =22.5% (n=34)
Frankel D= 13.9% (n=21)
|
Self-Harm:
0.7% (n=1)
|
|
Lan et al. 1993
N=99
|
Hualien, Taiwan
|
1986-1990
Treatment of traumatic SCI in 4 hospitals in Hualien county.
Exclusion Criteria:
People who died before hospitalization; nontraumatic SCI; patients with transient paralysis; non residents of Hualien.
|
Males=80%)
Mean age (males)=44 years
Mean age (females)=46 years
Mortality=10 (10%)
|
Complete paraplegia=1
Incomplete paraplegia=1
|
Self-Harm:
2.0% (n=2)
|
|
Dahlberg et al. 2005
N=152
|
Helsinki, Finland
|
January 1, 1999 cross-section date
Adult citizens (18 years or more) of Helsinki who had permanent sensory or motor deficits because of traumatic SCI (ASIA A–D). ASIA-E cases were excluded.
|
Males = 76% Average age of injury=47.9 years
|
Data only for 121 subjects:
46% (n=56) tetraplegia
54% (n=65) paraplegia
57% (n=69) incomplete
43% (n=52) complete
|
Self-Harm: 10% (n=15)
|
|
Levi et al. 1995
N=353
|
Stockholm, Sweden
|
1991-1994
Survey of the regional Stockholm SCI population
|
Males=81% Average age of injury=31 (3-77) years
|
Cervical 41.6% (n=147)
Thoracic 36.0% (n=127)
Lumbar 14.7% (n=52)
Sacral 1.4% (n=5)
Complete 39.4% (n=139)
Incomplete 59.5% (n=210)
|
Self-Harm:
4.0% (n=14)
|
|
Exner & Meinecke 1997
N= 22,212
|
Germany
|
1976-1996
All traumatic and non-traumatic SCI
|
72% male.
|
62% paraplegic
38% tetraplegic
|
Self-Harm:
5% (n=1080)
|
|
Pedersen et al. 1989
N=27
|
Greenland
|
1965-1986
Admissions to rehabilitation hospital in Hornback with traumatic SCI; Patients injured in Greenland.
|
Males=74%
Mean age=33.5 (14-50) years.
|
Complete paraplegia=5
Incomplete paraplegia=2
|
Self-Harm:
25.9% (n=7)
|
|
Pagliacci et al. 2003
N=684
|
Italy
|
1997-1999
Rehabilitation admissions to 32 institutions in Italy with traumatic SCI.
|
Males=80%
Mean age=38.5 (11-94) years.
|
ASIA Scores:
A=346 (50%)
B=72 (10%)
C=149 (22%)
D=94 (14%)
E=12 (2%)
|
Self-Harm:
4.4% (n=30)
|
|
Biering-Sorensen et al. 1990
N=268
|
Kingdom of Denmark
(Denmark, Greenland, Faroe Islands)
|
January 1975- December 1984
Admission to national specialized rehabilitation hospitals
|
Male=76.9%
40% within 15-24 years old
|
268 traumatic lesions
Cervical = 136
Thoracic = 76
Lumbar = 56
Complete tetraplegia = 22%
Incomplete tetraplegia = 29%
Complete paraplegia = 26%
Incomplete paraplegia = 23%
|
Self-Harm:
8% (n=21)
|
|
Gur et al. 2005
N=539
|
South-eastern Anatolia, Turkey
|
1990-1999
4 hospitals that were major referral centers for trauma
|
Males = 77%
Average age of injury=30.62
(1-70) years
Civil servants: 22.6% (n=120)
Housewives: 20.2% (n=109)
Soldiers: 15.0% (n=79)
|
Incomplete paraplegia 29.3% (n=158)
Complete paraplegia 45.1% (n=243)
Incomplete tetraplegia 13.7% (n=74)
Complete tetraplegia 13.9% (n=75)
Cervical: 25.4% (n=137)
Thoracic: 36.7% (n=198)
Lumbar: 34.0% (n=183)
|
Self-Harm:
2.8% (n=15)
|
|
Stanford et al. 2007
N=2,752
|
Sydney, Australia
|
1970-2000
All SCI injuries with neurological deficits and documented evidence of self-harm in New South Wales, Australia
|
36 males; Median age =30 (range 15-74) years.
|
ASIA A n=23
ASIA B n=7
ASIA C n=4
ASIA D n=22
|
Self-Harm:
2.6% (n=72)
|
