|
Dryden et al. 2003
N=450
|
Alberta, Canada
|
1997-2000
Data from the Alberta Ministry of Health and Wellness, records from the Alberta Trauma Registry, and death certificates from the Office of the Medical Examiner
|
Male=71.6% Median age of injury=35.0 years
|
61.5% (n=277) cervical
17.3% (n=78) thoracic
17.1% (n=77) lumbar/sacral/cauda equina
4.0% (n=18) unspecified
|
Falls:
19.1%
(n=86)
|
|
Pickett et al. 2006
N=151
|
London, Ontario,
Canada
|
1997-2006
Admissions to hospital in London, Ontario with SCI
|
Male=74.2%
Mean age = 42.2 ± 20.9 (9-96) years
Mortality=12 (8%)
|
Cervical=75%
Thoracic= 10%
Lumbar=9%
Junctional=6%
Complete=35% Incomplete=65%
|
Falls:
31.1%
(n=47)
|
|
Pickett et al. 2003
N=2385
|
Ontario, Canada
|
1994-1999
SCI in Ontario Trauma Registry
|
Males=65%
<20 years =89 (9%)
20-39 years= 190 (18%)
40-59 years=245 (24%)
≥60 years=506 (49%)
|
No details
|
Falls:
43.2% (n=1030)
|
|
Krassioukov et al. 2003
N=58
|
Toronto, Canada
|
1998-2000
Admissions to hospital in Toronto with traumatic SCI.
Exclusion Criteria:
Patients admitted with ASIA E.
|
Group 1
(n=30; Ages 17-59 years)
Males=87%
Ages 17-59 years:
Mean age=38.7 (17-56) years
|
ASIA A and B=30%
ASIA C and D=70%
|
Falls:
30.%
(n=9)
|
|
Group 2 (n=28)
Males=61%
Ages>60 years:
Mean age=73.3 (60-89) years
|
ASIA A and B=10.7%
ASIA C and D=89.3%
|
Falls:
64.3% (n=18)
|
|
Acton et al. 1993
N=644
|
Arkansas, United States
|
1980-1989
Arkansas residents in Arkansas State Spinal Cord Commission registry.
Exclusion Criteria:
Lesions caused by degenerative disease; people who died at scene.
|
Males=80%
Mean age males=32.4 years
Mean age females=35.4 years
|
Tetraplegia=37
Paraplegia=45
Unknown=4
|
Falls:
13.4%
(n=86)
|
|
Demetriades et al. 2000
SCI=11
|
California,
USA
|
1993-1997
Los Angeles County and University
of Southern California Medical Center
|
Male=100% Average age of injury=43.5 years
|
Not given.
|
Falls:
27.3%
(n=3)
|
|
Calancie et al. 2005
N=229
|
Dade County, Florida, USA
|
Acute traumatic spine and/or spinal cord injury admitted to Jackson Memorial Hospital
|
Male = 74.6%
Average age at injury=40.0±17.5 years
15 were children
|
ASIA A = 32.8% (75)
ASIA B = 4.8% (11)
ASIA C = 24.0% (55)
ASIA D = 31.5% (72)
ASIA E = 7.0% (7.4)
Fractures:
Cervical = 62%
T1-T10 = 15% (35)
T11-L4 = 19% (44)
Non-fractures:
Cervical = 3% (7)
Complete = 32.8%
|
Falls:
19.7%
(n=45)
|
|
Goebert et al. 1991
N=59
|
Hawaii, USA
|
1987-1989
Traumatic injury
Patient at the Rehabilitation Hospital of the Pacific
|
Male=84.7%
Mean age=20.2 years
0-5years=5.2%
16-30 years=44.8%
31-45 years=25.9%
46-60 years= 12.1%
61-90 years=12.1%
|
High Quad (C1-4)=16.2%
Low Quad (C5-8)=45.9%
High Thoracic (T1-6)=18.9%
Low Thoracic (T7-12)=10.8%
Lumbar (L1-5)=8.1%
Frankel Grades:
Complete (A)=50.8%
Motor functional (D)=35.6%
|
Falls:
27.6%
(n=16)
|
|
Burke et al. 2001
N=161
|
Kentucky and Indiana counties, USA
|
1993-1998
University of Louisville Hospital SCI Trauma Registry and patient medical records
|
Male=75%
Mean age of injury=45.6 years
59.5% single
29.4% married
86.5% White
13.5% African American
|
43% complete
(all cases)
58% Frankel A
17% Frankel B
7% Frankel C
15% Frankel D
|
Falls:
23%
(n=37)
|
|
Griffin & Opitz 1985
N=154
|
Olmsted County, Minnesota, USA
|
1935-1981
Medical records-linkage system of
the Rochester Project at the Mayo Clinic, periodic multi-centre surveys
|
Male=72%
153 White, 1 Black
|
56.5% (n=87) cervical
31.8% (n=49) thoracic
9.1% (n=14) lumbar
2.6% (n=4) sacral
|
Falls:
13.0%
(n=20)
|
|
Price et al. 1994
N=376
|
Oklahoma,
USA
|
1988-1990
SCI cases in Oklahoma statewide multilevel surveillance system
Exclusion Criteria:
Non Oklahoma residents; patients who died at scene; injuries to nerve roots or spinal plexus.
|
Males=80%
<15 years=12 (3%)
15-19 years=66 (18%)
20-29 years=110 (29%)
30-59 years=145 (39%)
≥60 years =43 (11%)
Mortality=30 (8%)
|
Complete tetraplegia=55 (15%),
Incomplete tetraplegia=157 (42%)
Complete paraplegia=59 (16%),
Incomplete paraplegia=105 (28%)
|
Falls:
19.9%
(n=75)
|
|
Fassett et al. 2007
N=412
|
Philadelphia, Pennsyl-vania,
USA
|
1978-2005
Treated in Delaware Valley Regional Spinal Cord Injury Center at Thomas Jefferson University Hospital
|
≥70 years old. No further demographics given.
|
High quadriplegic (C4 and above)=42%
Paraplegic=22%
ASIA A ~ 45%
ASIA B ~ 13%
ASIA C ~ 15%
ASIA D ~ 24%
|
Falls:
74%
(n=305)
|
|
Macciocchi et al. 2008
N= 298
|
South-eastern USA
|
2004-2005
All patients admitted for traumatic SCI between the ages 16-59. Excluded if unable to speak English.
|
Male=79% Mean age =28.7±10.1 years.74% of all eligible patients.
|
C1-4 ASIA A-C, n=9
C1-4 ASIA D, n=5
C5-8 ASIA A-C, n=30
C5-8 ASIA D, n=6
T1-8 ASIA A-C, n=26
T1-8 ASIA D, n=2
T9-12 ASIA A-C,n=15
T9-12ASIA D, n=3
L1-S3 ASIA A-C, n=5
|
Falls:
10%
(n=30)
|
|
Thurman et al. 1995
N=223
|
Utah, USA
|
1989-1991
Utah residents with SCI in Statewide reporting system of the Utah Department of Health, Bureau of Epidemiology.
|
Male=76% Median age=29 years
|
128 (57%) tetraplegia
95 (43%) paraplegia
41 (18%) fatal
21 (9%) died before hospital admission
110 (49%) Frankel A/B/C
46 (21%) Frankel D
25 (11%) full neurological function
|
Falls:
21.1%
(n=47)
|
|
Woodruff & Baron 1994
N=150
|
West Virginia, USA
|
1985-1988
Data collected during the West Virginia Spinal Cord Injury Registry, includes only injured patients surviving until hospitalization
|
Male= 82%
Majority of individuals were between 15-24.
|
48% tetraplegia
52% paraplegia
|
Falls:
21%
(n=31)
|
|
National Spinal Cord Injury Statistical Center 2000
N=19648
|
USA
|
24 federally funded Model SCI Care Systems and National SCI Database
|
Male=81.7% 55% within 16-30 years old, mean age at injury is 31.8 years
|
Tetraplegia = 51.7%
Paraplegia = 46.7 %
Complete Tetraplegia = 18.5%
Incomplete tetraplegia = 29.5%
Complete Paraplegia = 27.9%
Incomplete Paraplegia = 21.3%
|
Falls:
21.5% (n=4224)
|
|
National Spinal Cord Injury Statistical Center 2005
N=23,683
|
USA
|
25 federally funded Model SCI Care Systems and National SCI Database
|
Male=79.6%
Average age of injury=37.6 years
62.9% Caucasian
22% African American
12.6% Hispanic
51.8% single
|
Incomplete tetraplegia (34.5%)
Complete tetraplegia (18.4%)
Incomplete paraplegia (17.5%)
Complete paraplegia (23.1%)
|
Falls:
22.9% (n=5423)
|
|
National Spinal Cord Injury Statistical Center 2008
N=25,415
|
USA
|
26 federally funded Model SCI Care Systems and National SCI Database
|
77.8% male (2000-2008)
Average age = 39.5 years (2005-2008)
|
2000-2008
Incomplete tetraplegia: 34.1%
Complete paraplegia: 23.0%
Complete tetraplegia:18.3%
Incomplete paraplegia: 18.5%
|
Falls:
27.1% (n=6887)
|
|
Farmer et al. 1998
N=1817
|
USA
|
1979-1993
Regional Spinal Cord Injury Center of Delaware Valley (RSCICDV)
|
Male=78.7%
Mean age =37.6 years
72.2% White, 23.5% African American, 2.5% Hispanic
35.9% married
16% unemployed
|
62.4% cervical
26.8% thoracic
10.8% lumbosacral
40.9% complete
59.1% incomplete
25.1 % quadriplegia complete
36.7% quadriplegia incomplete 15.8% paraplegia complete
21.5% paraplegia incomplete
|
Falls:
26.9% (n=489)
|
|
DeVivo et al.
1992
N=6563
|
USA
|
Admissions to Spinal Cord Injury Care Systems within 1 year of injury from:
1978-1980
|
Males=82.4%
Mean age =28.4 years
|
Frankel grade at discharge:
Complete=51.8%
Sensory=13.7%
Motor nonfunctional=7.2%
Motor functional=25.9%
Recovered=1.4%
|
Falls:
20% (n=1313)
|
|
1981-1983
|
Males=82.7%
Mean age =30.5 years
|
Frankel grade at discharge:
Complete=57.2%
Sensory=11.7%
Motor nonfunctional=7.8%
Motor functional=22.5%
Recovered=0.8%
|
Falls:
18.8% (n=1234)
|
|
1984-1986
|
Males=84.5%
Mean age
=31.2 years
|
Frankel grade at discharge:
Complete=48.6%
Sensory=16.2%
Motor nonfunctional=11.0%
Motor functional=23.5%
Recovered=0.6%
|
Falls:
22.2% (n=1457)
|
|
Stavrev et al. 1994
N=980
|
Plovdiv Region,
Bulgaria
|
1983-1992
Treatment for SCI at 2 clinics in Plovdiv region
|
Males=72%
≤20 years=82 (8%)
21-40 years=387 (40%)
41-60 years=298 (30%)
61-70 years=137 (14%)
>70 years=76 (8%)
Mortality=72 (7%)
|
Cervical=206 (21%)
Thoracic (>T7) =275 (28%)
Lumbar=399, (41%)
Other=100 (10%)
Neurological deficit=409 (42%)
No neurological deficit=572 (58%)
|
Falls:
55.3% (n=542)
|
|
Biering-Sorensen et al. 1990
N=268
|
Kingdom of Denmark
(Denmark, Greenland, Faroe Islands)
|
January 1975- December 1984
Admission to national specialized rehabilitation hospitals
|
Male=76.9%
40% within 15-24 years old
|
Cervical = 136
Thoracic = 76
Lumbar = 56
Complete tetraplegia = 22%
Incomplete tetraplegia = 29%
Complete paraplegia = 26%
Incomplete paraplegia = 23%
|
Falls to level below:
23%
(n=61),
Falls to same level:
3%
(n=9)
|
|
Ahoniemi et al. 2008
N=1647
|
Finland
|
1976-2005
Register survey;
Medical records from registers of Käpylä Rehabilitation Centre
|
83% male
Mean age of injury (M/F):
1976-1985: 34.7/35.8
1986-1995: 36.7/38.3
1996-2005: 42.4/40.4
|
50.6% tetraplegia
49.4% paraplegia
|
Falls:
41.2% (n=678)
|
|
Dahlberg et al. 2005
N=152
|
Helsinki, Finland
|
January 1, 1999 cross-section date
Adult citizens (18 years or more) of Helsinki who had permanent sensory or motor deficits because of traumatic SCI (ASIA A–D). ASIA-E cases were excluded.
|
Males = 76%
Average age of injury=47.9 years
|
Data only for 121 subjects:
46% (n=56) tetraplegia
54% (n=65) paraplegia
57% (n=69) incomplete
43% (n=52) complete
|
Falls:
43%
(n=66)
|
|
Aung & Masry 1997
N=219
|
Great Britain
|
1985-1988
New traumatic admissions to the Midlands Centre for SCI
|
Male=79%;
Average age of 35.5 years.
Female=21%;
Average age of 44.2 years.
|
Cervical n=116
Thoracic n=73
Lumbar n=30
|
Falls:
42.5%
(n=93)
|
|
Pedersen et al. 1989
N=27
|
Greenland
|
1965-1986
Admissions to rehabilitation hospital in Hornback with traumatic SCI; Patients injured in Greenland.
|
Males=74%
Mean age=33.5 (14-50) years.
|
Complete tetraplegia=2
Incomplete tetraplegia=4
Complete paraplegia=1
Incomplete paraplegia=2
|
Falls:
33.3%
(n=9)
|
|
Caldana & Lucca 1998
N=577
|
Veneto, Italy
|
1994-1995
New cases of traumatic spinal cord injury and non-traumatic spinal cord disease treated in regional hospitals (small hospitals excluded)
|
Male = 83.5%
Average age (male)
= 39.8 years old
Average age (female)
= 36 years old
|
Cervical=62
(21 were complete)
Thoracic=29
(25were complete)
Thoracolumbar
(T12-L1)=18(11)
Caudal=14(3)
Unidentified=1
|
Falls:
2.2%
(n=13)
|
|
Pagliacci et al. 2003
N=684
|
Italy
|
1997-1999
Rehabilitation admissions to 32 institutions in Italy with traumatic SCI.
|
Males = 80% Mean age=38.5 (11-94) years.
|
ASIA Scores:
A=346 (50%)
B=72 (10%)
C=149 (22%)
D=94 (14%)
E=12 (2%)
|
Falls:
22.4% (n=153)
|
|
van Asbeck et al. 2000
N=126
(specific data for 113)
|
Netherlands
|
1994
Patients with SCI in National Registration system. Further analysis occurred only for cases in which medical records were obtained
Exclusion Criteria:
Spinal contusions with no or temporary neurological symptoms.
|
Males=77%
<20 years=15 (13%)
21-30 years=28 (25%)
31-60 years=36 (32%)
>61=34 (30%)
Mortality=18 (16%)
|
Complete tetraplegia=
26 (23%)
Incomplete tetraplegia=
39 (34%)
Complete paraplegia=
29 (26%)
Incomplete paraplegia=
19 (17%)
|
Falls:
48.7%
(n=55)
|
|
Martins et al. 1998
N= 398
|
Portugal
|
1989-1992
2 hospitals that treat all SCI in the central region of Portugal. Including deaths due to SCI and paediatric cases. Cases without neurological lesion, rehospitalization and vertebral lesions were excluded.
|
Males = 77% Average age = 50.53±21.85 years.
|
Complete n=220
Incomplete n=176
Deaths = 223
|
Falls:
37.4% (n=149)
|
|
Soopra-manien 1994
N=412
|
Bucharest, Romania
|
1992-1993
SCI patients admitted to Dr Gh. Marinescu Hospital
|
Male=77%
0-40 years
=41.3%
41-90 years
=58.7%
37.6%labourer
8.7% farmer
18.2% retired
|
158 cervical
81 thoracic
36 lumbar
47% incomplete
Frankel grade A n=134
Frankel grade B n=24
Frankel grade C n=25
Frankel grade D n=73
Frankel grade E n=150
|
Falls:
59%
(n=242)
|
|
Garcia-Reneses et al. 1991
N=1010
|
Spain
|
1984-1985
Every traumatic and non traumatic SCI patient in specialized Spanish hospitals
|
Male=72.4%. Mean age = 41.8 ± 1.2 years.
|
Sensory-motor incomplete SCI = 49%
Complete SCI= 38%
|
Falls:
27%
(n=273)
|
|
Levi et al. 1995
N=353
|
Stockholm, Sweden
|
1991-1994
Survey of the regional Stockholm SCI population
|
Males=81%
Average age of injury=31 (3-77) years
|
41.6% (n=147) cervical
36.0% (n=127) thoracic
14.7% (n=52) lumbar
1.4% (n=5) sacral
39.4% (n=139) complete
59.5% (n=210) incomplete
|
Falls:
37.1%, (n=131)
|
|
Gur et al.
2005
N=539
|
South-eastern Anatolia, Turkey
|
1990-1999
4 hospitals that were major referral centers for trauma
|
Average age of injury=30.62 (1-70) years
77.2% (n=416) male
22.6% (n=120) civil servants
20.2% (n=109) housewives
15.0% (n=79) soldiers
|
29.3% (n=158) incomplete paraplegia
45.1% (n=243) complete paraplegia
13.7% (n=74) incomplete tetraplegia
13.9% (n=75) complete tetraplegia
25.4% (n=137) cervical
36.7% (n=198) thoracic
34.0% (n=183) lumbar
|
Falls:
31.9% (n=172)
|
|
Karameh-metaglu 1995
N=152
|
Istanbul, Turkey
|
1992
New patients with traumatic SCI, including pediatrics.
|
115 males. Mean age = 33 years. 72% of patients were under 40.
|
Tetraplegic n=50
Paraplegic n=102
|
Falls:
43%
(n=65)
|
|
Karacan et al. 2000
N=581
|
Turkey
|
1992
Nation-wide survey of SCI admissions to medical institutions.
Exclusion Criteria:
Patients who died before hospitalization.
|
Mean age=35.5±15.1 years.
Males=415 (71%)
Females=166 (29%)
|
Cervical=31.7%
Thoracic=26.6%
Lumbar=25.1%
Tetraplegia=87 (32%)
Paraplegia=394 (68%)
|
Falls:
36.5% (n=212)
|
|
Dincer et al. 1992
N=1,694
|
Turkey
|
1974-1985
SCI patients admitted to Ankara Rehabilitation Centre
|
Average age of injury=26.8 (1-70) years
75.68% (n=1282) male
19.83% (n=336) agricultural workers
19.95% (n=338) housewives
19.48% (n=330) private industry workers
|
85.12% (n=1442) complete paraplegia
6.85% (n=116) incomplete paraplegia
4.84% (n=82) complete tetraplegia
3.19% (n=54) incomplete tetraplegia
|
Falls:
29.51% (n=500)
|
|
Hoque et al. 1999
N=179
|
Bangladesh
|
1994-1995
Admissions to rehabilitation centre in Savar, Dhaka with SCI.
|
Males=88%
10-20 years=19%
20-30 years=42%
30-40 years=20%
40-50 years=15%
50-60 years=4%
Mortality=18 (7%)
|
Tetraplegia=72 (40%)
Paraplegia=107 (60%)
|
Falls from height
42.4% (n=76)
Falls while carrying load on head
20.7% (n=37)
|
|
Singh et al. 2003
N=483
|
Haryana, India
|
2000-2001
Accident and emergency services and department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation of Pt. B.D. Sharma PGIMS, Rohtak.
|
Male=74.7%
Mean age at injury=35.4 years
|
164 tetraplegia
283 paraplegia
|
Falls:
44.5% (n=215)
|
|
Catz et al. 2002
N=250
|
Israel
|
1959-1992
Traumatic SCI, admitted to the Loewenstein Rehabilitation Center, the major referral center for rehabilitation medicine in Israel.
|
Males=75.6%
Mean age = 34.5 years (range 6-83 years).
|
High cervical 7.6%
low cervical 28.8%
thoracic 32.4%
lumbar 31.2%
|
Falls:
16.8%
(n=42)
|
|
Shingu et al.
1994
N=3465
|
Japan
|
1990
Survey of nationwide institutions assumed to accept SCI patients;
Exclusion criteria:
Traumatic cervical syndrome cases and extradural nerve root; Patients only receiving outpatient services in this year or who obtained injury abroad
|
Male=81.2%
Mean age=44.1 years (sample)
Mean age=52.8 years (falls from height)
Mean age=61.5 years (falls on level ground)
|
Falls from height:
Cervical=667 (66%)
Below cervical=342 (34%)
Unknown=3
Falls on level ground:
Cervical=356 (88%)
Below cervical=48 (12%)
Unknown=3
|
Falls:
41.0% (n=1420)
From height: 71% (n=2460)
On level ground:
29% (n=1005)
|
|
Shingu et al. 1995
N=9752
|
Japan
|
1990-1992
Survey of nationwide institutions assumed to accept SCI patients.
Exclusion criteria:
Patients only receiving outpatient services in this period
|
Males=80.4%
Mean age=48.6±19.1 (0.92-96) years.
|
Frankel levels:
A=2518 (25.8%)
B=1208 (12.4%)
C=1984 (20.3%)
D=1761 (18.1%)
E=2242 (23.0%)
Unknown=39 (0.4%)
Cervical=7317 (75.0%)
Below cervical=2408 (24.7%)
Unknown=27 (0.3%)
Complete=61.1%
|
Falls:
41.8% (n=4076)
From height:
69% (n=6729)
On level ground:
31% (n=3023)
|
|
Shrestha et al. 2007
N=149
|
Eastern region,
Nepal
|
2001-2004
Admission to hospital in Dharan with cervical spinal injury.
|
Males=80%
Mean age=40 (6-88) years
Mortality=6 (4%)
|
Frankel levels:
A=54 (36%)
B=20 (13%)
C=22 (15%)
D=19 (13%)
E=34 (23%)
|
Falls:
60.4%
(n=90)
|
|
Lakhey et al. 2005
N=233
|
Dharan, Nepal
|
May 1997- April 2001
Orthopaedic ward of BP Koirala Institute of Health Schiences
|
Male=72.5% <20years old=26 individuals (11.1%),
20-30yrs=59 (25.3%),
31-40yrs=49 (21.0%),
41-50yrs=37 (15.9%),
>50yrs=62 (26.6%);
|
cervical = 88 (37.8%)
dorsal = 70 (30.0%)
lumbar = 72 (30.9%)
none bony = 3 (1.3%)
complete = 46.8%
|
Falls:
77.6%
(n=181)
from trees: 40.3% (n=94)
1st/2nd floor: 27.9% (n=65)
Hill slope:
4.7%(n=11)
Ladder:
4.7% (n=11)
|
|
Silberstein and Rabinovich 1995
N=196
|
Novosibirsk,
Russia
|
1989-1993
All in patients with SCI admitted to the Department of SCI. Nerve root or plexus injury was excluded.
|
Males=93.4% Mean age =34.7 years.
|
Cervical spine
C1-2 n=15
C3-7 n=81
Thoracic T1-12 n=54
Lumbar L1-5 n=46
|
Falls:
26.6%
(n=52)
|
|
Chen et al. 1997
SCI=1,586<
|
Taiwan
|
1992-1996
113 hospitals (11 medical centers, 50 regional general hospitals, 52 local general hospitals)
|
Male=75.0% Average age of injury=46.1 years
|
49.9% cervical
13.3% thoracic
34.6% lumbar
6.6% (n=105) died after treatment
|
Falls:
44.1%, (n=699)
|
|
Lan et al. 1993
N=99
|
Hualien county, Taiwan
|
1986-1990
Treatment of traumatic SCI in 4 hospitals in Hualien county.
Exclusion Criteria:
People who died before hospitalization; nontraumatic SCI; patients with transient paralysis; non residents of Hualien.
|
Males=80%
Mean age (males)=44 years
Mean age (females)=46 years
Mortality=10 (10%)
|
Complete tetraplegia =5
Incomplete tetraplegia = 5
Complete paraplegia =6
Incomplete paraplegia = 7
|
Falls:
23.3% (n=23)
|
|
Kuptinat-saikul 2003
N=83
|
Thailand
|
1997-2000
All SCI patients admitted to Spinal Unit, Siriraj Hospital, Nagkok.
|
Males=79.5%
Average age =32.3 ±11.7 years.
|
Falls:
Tetraplegic n=2
Paraplegic n=6
ASIA D=6
|
Falls:
16.9%
(n=14)
|
|
Obalum et al. 2009
N=468
|
Lagos, Nigeria
|
1992-2006
Registrars at the emergency room and wards from the Lagos University Teaching Hospital (receives the majority of SCI patients in Lagos)
|
Male=70.1% 66.2% were ages 40 years and below. Peak age incidence = 21-30 years.
|
ASIA A n=230
ASIA B n=45
ASIA C n=36
ASIA D n=41
ASIA E n= 34
Death n=82
Lumbar n=278
Cervical n=142
Thoracic n=48
|
Falls:
9.4%
(n=44)
|
|
Umaru & Ahidjo 2005
N=36
|
Maiduguri,
Nigeria
|
1998-2002
Admissions to hospital in Maiduguri with SCI.
Exclusion Criteria:
Cases with inadequate information
|
Males=83%
Mean age =34.3±3 (13-55) years
Mortality=3 (8%)
|
Cervical=14 (39%)
Thoracic=10 (28%)
Thoracolumbar=10 (28%)
Lumbar=2 (6%)
Complete=20 (56%)
Incomplete=16 (44%)
|
Falls:
22.2%
(n=8)
|
|
Igun et al. 1999
N=68
|
Plateau State, Nigeria
|
1984-1997
Radiologically confirmed diagnosis of spinal cord injury.
|
Male=91.2% Mean age = 30 years.
|
Cervico-thoracic n=32
Cervico-thoracic n=36
Deaths n=18
|
Falls:
22.1%
(n=15)
|
|
Hart et al. 1994
N=616
|
South Africa
|
1988-1993
All records of SCI from the Natalspruit Spinal Rehabilitation Unit
|
Male=80%. Males between 15-40 made up the majority of patients
|
Complete n=404
Incomplete n=212
Cervical spine n=155
Upper thoracic n=135
Lower thoracic n=249
Lumbar spine n=74
|
Falls:
2.4%
(n=15)
|
|
Levy et al. 1998
N=136
|
Zimbabwe
|
1988-1994
Admissions to National Rehabilitation Centre with traumatic SCI.
|
Males=89%
Majority were between 20 and 49 years of age
|
Cervical=69 (51%)
Below Cervical=67 (49%)
|
Falls out of trees:
11%
(n=15)
|
|
da Paz et al. 1992
N=1255
(SCI=108)
|
Brazil
|
1988
36 public hospitals from 7 Brazilian capitals (represents 6.2% of all hospitals and 9.2% of the total hospital bed capacity.
|
Males=80.6%
Mean age= 30.3 (range 6-56) years
5.6% high education
|
94 (87.0%) complete
61 (64.9%) paraplegia
33 (35.1%) quadriplegia
|
Falls:
14.8 (n=16)
|
|
Ring et al. 1986
N=202
|
New South Wales, Australia
|
1977-1978
Admissions to New South Wales hospitals with spinal injury; death certificates that involved spinal injury. 99% of cases had neurological involvement.
|
Males=81%
15-24 years=84 (42%)
25-44 years=58 (29%)
45-64 years=30 (15%)
≥65 years=15 (7%)
Mortality=69 (39%)
|
Glasgow Outcome Scale:
Severe disability=98(49%)
Moderate disability=19(9%)
Good recovery=13(6%)
Not recorded=3(1%)
|
Falls:
9.4%
(n=19)
|
|
O'Connor, P 2002
N=265
|
Australia
|
1998-1999
Australian Spinal Cord Injury Register (ASCIR) for persons 15 years and older. All adult SCI cases are reported to the ASCIR Transient neural deficits were excluded.
|
Male=76 %
No other demographics given
|
C4 n=47
C5 n=45
C6 n=22
L1 n=30
T12 n=17
Incomplete tetraplegia n=101
Incomplete paraplegia n=64
Complete tetraplegia n=51
Complete paraplegia n=48
|
Falls:
31%
(n=83)
|
|
Maharaj 1996
N=75
|
Fiji
|
1985-1994
Medical records of spinal cord paralysis patients admitted to the Medical Rehabilitation Unit at Tamavua Hospital
|
Male=87%
Mean age=38.3 (6-76) years
10 (13%)
Fijian=35%
Indian=47%
|
40 (53%) tetraplegia
35 (47%) paraplegia
46 (61%) complete
29 (39%) incomplete
|
Falls:
38.7%
(n=29)
|
|
Gee & Sinha 1982
N=36
|
Papua New Guinea
|
1978-1981
Traumatic injury
Patients that stayed in Port Moresby, Lae and Manding hospitals
|
Male = 88%
Mean age = 26years
(range 16-41 years)
|
Cervical = 22%
Upper thoracic = 11%
Thoraco-lumbar = 28%
Lumbar = 39%
|
Falls from trees:
31% (n=11)
Falls from roof :
9% (n=3)
|
|
Dixon et al. 1993
N=164
|
New Zealand
|
1988
SCI cases in Health Services Statistics files.
|
Males=73.2%
Males aged 15-29 years=46%
|
C1-C4=49 (30%)
C5-C7=30 (18%)
T1-T6=19 (12%)
T7-T12-19 (12%)
|
Falls:
24%
(n=39)
|
