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Sports-Oceania
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Author
Year
N
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Geographic region
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Inclusion/exclusion criteria
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Study population
|
Injury features
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Cause (%) / sample
|
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Quarrie et al. 2007
N=77
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New Zealand
|
1976-2005
Spinal injury claims due to rugby in Accident Compensation Corporation database Note: Mandatory education program for rugby players started in 2001.
|
No details
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No details
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Rugby:
100% (n=77)
Prevalence:
Per 100,000 players/year
Scrum related:
1.4 (1996-2000)
0.2 (2001-2005)
Other related
1.3 (1996-2000)
1.1 (2001-2005)
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|
Spinecare Foundation 2003
N=80
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Queensland and New South Wales, Australia
|
1986-1996
All acute, Football related SCI (lasting) from 6 SCI units that were major referral centers for SCI
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Males = 100%
Average age at injury =23.5 (15-49) years;
62 adults, 18 schoolboys.
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C4/5 or C5/6 n=38
Frankel grades A B C n=42
Frankel grade D n=24
Frankel grade F n=8
37 complete
43 incomplete
T11 n=1
Deaths n=6
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Rugby:
100% (n=80)
Prevalence:
Per 100,000 players:
5.9
7.3 cases per year of rugby related SCI
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Quarrie et al. 2007
N=77
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New Zealand
|
1976-2005
Spinal injury claims due to rugby in Accident Compensation Corporation database Note: Mandatory education program for rugby players started in 2001.
|
No details
|
No details
|
Rugby:
100% (n=77)
Prevalence:
Per 100,000 players/year
Scrum related:
1.4 (1996-2000)
0.2 (2001-2005)
Other related
1.3 (1996-2000)
1.1 (2001-2005)
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Rotem et al. 1998
N=115
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New South Wales (NSW), Australia
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1984-1996
Admission to 2 SCI units in Sydney with cervical spinal injuries from rugby union and league football.
Exclusion Criteria: Patients transferred from outside NSW
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Males = 100%
Median age = 22 (14-37) years
Mortality=2 (2%)
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Complete tetraplegia: 26 (46%)
C2-3=1
C3-4=2
C4-5=14
C5-6=6
C6-7=3
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Rugby Union:
48.7% (n=56)
Prevalence: Tetraplegia/
10,000/player/year
1.2 (1984-87)
0.3 (1988-91)
0.5 (1992-96)
|
|
Complete tetraplegia: 23 (39%)
C3-4=2
C4-5=8
C5-6=6
C6-7=6
Unknown level=1
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Rugby League:
51.3% (n=59)
Prevalence:
Tetraplegia/
10,000/player/year
0.2 (1984-87)
0.2 (1988-91)
0.1 (1992-96)
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Carmody et al. 2005
N=52
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Australia
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1997-2002
All acute, Football related SCI (lasting) from 6 SCI units that were major referral centers for SCI
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Males = 100%
45 adults, 7 schoolboys. Average age at injury=24.4 (RU), 25.9 (RL), 23.4 (ARF), 26.0 (soccer)
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Frankel grade A n=12
Frankel grade B n=1
Frankel grade C n=2
Frankel grade D n=24
Frankel grade E n=11
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Rugby:
66% (n=34)
Australian Football
26% (n=14)
Soccer
8% (n=4)
Prevalence:
Per 100,000 players:
Rugby: 4.7
8.7 cases per year of football-related SCI
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Berry et al. 2006
N=54
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New South Wales, Australia
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1986-2003 rugby seasons
Acute cervical spinal cord injury resulting
in tetraplegia and admission to NSW spinal units
Australian Spinal Cord Injury Register (ASCIR)
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Males=100% 89% adults
Median age 24 (range 15-38) years
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Complete tetra (n=24, 44%)
Incomplete tetra (n=30, 56%)
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Rugby Union: 57.4% (n=31):
Prevalence:
Per 100,000 players:
9.2 from 1986-1991
6.8 from 1995-2003
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Rugby League: 42.6% (n=23)
Prevalence:
Per 100,000 players:
2.3 from 1986-1991
1.7 from 1995-2003
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Ring et al. 1986
N=202
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New South Wales, Australia
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1977-1978
Admissions to New South Wales hospitals with spinal injury; death certificates that involved spinal injury. 99% of cases had neurological involvement.
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Males=81%
≤1 years=2 (1%)
2-14 years=13 (6%)
15-24 years=84 (42%)
25-44 years=58 (29%)
45-64 years=30 (15%)
≥65 years=15 (7%)
Mortality=69 (39%)
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Glasgow Outcome Scale:
Severe disability=98(49%)
Moderate disability=19(9%)
Good recovery=13(6%)
Not recorded=3(1%)
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Diving/
Swimming:
9.4%
(n=19)
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Roe et al. 2003
N=34
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New South Wales, Australia
|
1976-1996
Admissions to 2 SCI units in Sydney due to horse riding.
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Males=62%
Mean age= 39.3±18.4 years
Mean years of riding experience=
25.7±21.8
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Cervical=15 (44%) Thoracic=8 (24%)
Lumbro-sacral=11 (32%)
Complete=13 (38%) Incomplete=21 (62%)
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Horse riding:
100%
(n=34)
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Dixon et al. 1993
N=164
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New Zealand
|
1988
SCI cases in Health Services Statistics files.
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Males=73.2%
Males aged 15-29 years=46%
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C1-C4=49 (30%)
C5-C7=30 (18%)
T1-T6=19 (12%)
T7-T12-19 (12%)
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Sports:
11%
(n=18)
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Maharaj 1996
N=75
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Fiji
|
1985-1994
Medical records of spinal cord paralysis patients admitted to the Medical Rehabilitation Unit at Tamavua Hospital
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Males = 87%
Mean age=38.3 (6-76) years
10 (13%) female
45 (60%) Fijian
26 (35%) Indian
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Tetraplegia = 53% (n=40)
Paraplegia=47% (n= 35)
Complete = 61% (n= 46)
Incomplete=39% (n= 29)
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Sports:
20%
(n=15)
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Gee & Singha 1982
N=36
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Papua New Guinea
|
1978-1981
Traumatic injury
Patients that stayed in Port Moresby, Lae and Manding hospitals
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Male = 88%
Mean age = 26years
(range 16-41 years)
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Cervical = 22%
Upper thoracic
= 11%
Thoraco-lumbar
= 28%
Lumbar = 39%
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Sports:
6%
(n=2)
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Ring et al. 1986
N=202
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New South Wales, Australia
|
1977-1978
Admissions to New South Wales hospitals with spinal injury; death certificates that involved spinal injury. 99% of cases had neurological involvement.
|
Males=81%
15-24 years=84 (42%)
25-44 years=58 (29%)
45-64 years=30 (15%)
≥65 years=15 (7%)
Mortality=69 (39%)
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Glasgow Outcome Scale:
Severe disability =98(49%)
Moderate disability =19(9%)
Good recovery =13(6%)
Not recorded =3(1%)
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Sports (excluding diving):
9.4%
(n=19)
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O'Connor, P 2002
N=265
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Australia
|
1998-1999
Australian Spinal Cord Injury Register (ASCIR) for persons 15 years and older. All adult SCI cases are reported to the ASCIR Transient neural deficits were excluded.
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76 % male
No other demographics given
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C4 n=47
C5 n=45
C6 n=22
L1 n=30
T12 n=17
Incomplete tetraplegia n=101
Incomplete paraplegia n=64
Complete tetraplegia n=51
Complete paraplegia n=48
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Sports:
5%
(n=13)
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