Budh & Lundeberg 2004
Sweden
Downs & Black score=19
Case Series
Initial N=100; Final N=90

Population: Age = 7-83 yrs; Gender: males = 44, females = 46; Time since injury = 14.4 yrs.
Treatment: No treatment questionnaire.
Outcome Measures: Pain questionnaire (looked at the use of pain relieving techniques, pain intensities and pain unpleasantness). Participants also completed a life questionnaire, hospital anxiety and depression scale, and a pain drawing.

1. The authors noted that massage and heat appeared to be the best non-pharmacological treatments.